Fig. 1: Global black carbon (BC) distribution from measurements and simulation using a widely-used emission inventory. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Global black carbon (BC) distribution from measurements and simulation using a widely-used emission inventory.

From: Black carbon emissions generally underestimated in the global south as revealed by globally distributed measurements

Fig. 1

This map shows ground-level BC concentrations from SPARTAN measurements over 2019–2023, complementary measurements using original data screening scheme with a six-month sampling length criterion from adjacent years, and a GCHP simulation using the CEDS emission inventory for 2019. SPARTAN and additional measurements are represented by colored circles and squares, respectively, surrounded by concentric circles and squares indicating local coincident GCHP simulated concentrations. The GCHP simulation is in the background. The inset value is the normalized mean difference (NMD) across SPARTAN sites. Complementary measurements are sourced from the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) and the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network in the US, the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS) in Canada, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) in Europe, the China Atmosphere Watch Network (CAWNET)64 and Dao et al.65 in China; additional data, primarily covering Africa, South America, and South Asia, are referenced from individual studies66,67,68,69,70,71,72,76,77,78.

Back to article page