Fig. 2: Time evolution of the Callisto footprint.

a Juno-UVS spin-by-spin observations of the Callisto UV footprint. The leading and trailing spots, identified as Transhemispheric electron beam (TEB) and Main Alfvén Wing (MAW) spots, are highlighted by orange and red lines, respectively, when observed. The dashed green line represents Callisto’s footpath derived using the JRM33 + KK2005 magnetic field model. Each frame is centered around the same SIII longitude/latitude, shown as a white dotted grid. In this reference frame, the Callisto footprint gradually drifts over time. Conversely, nearby auroral emissions, co-rotating with Jupiter’s magnetosphere, are fixed over time. b Evolution of the System-III (SIII) equatorial longitude of the TEB (orange) and MAW (red) spots of Callisto as a function of time.