Fig. 4: Optical simulation and functional transparency of ST-OPVs.

a The calculated transmittance spectra of 11-nm Ag based ST-OPVs with various active layers thicknesses. b The calculated JSC of ST-OPVs with various active layer thicknesses. c The difference in the calculated JSC of ST-OPVs with 11-nm Ag one as the baseline. The exciton generation rates (G) of (d) 11-nm Ag, (e) 40-nm TeO2, and (f) ABPF based ST-OPVs. g The operational stability (light-socking, ISOS-L-1) of corresponding ST-OPVs. h CIELAB coordinate space of ST-OPV with ABPF. i Photograph of blank and ABPF based ST-OPV as window. The background features The Hong Kong Polytechnic University building to illustrate device transparency.