Fig. 1: Examples and flowchart illustrating the process of classifying reported reminiscences.

a Data categorization of memories induced by iES. Examples are provided for each category. b Three evaluators independently screened the subjective reports and selected the reports related to the visual contents. Then they consistently selected 102 memory-related items. The reminiscences were further independently classified by the evaluators, and the final category corresponds to the consensus among the evaluators. *: Following the classification criteria outlined by Curot et al.23, we categorized items into four of the eight categories. No items were classified as autobiographical episodic memories, personal folklore, reminiscence of a dream, or strangeness with memory.