Fig. 4: Thor characterizes regenerative signatures in vessels in human heart failure.

a Thor infers cell-level gene expression, expression of the smooth muscle marker MYH11 are visualized at the spot level and the cell level on sample I tissue. Utilizing Mjolnir, vessel regions are annotated. The expression levels of MYH11 in selected vessels (labeled “1”, “2”, “3’, “4”) are recovered by Thor, where there exhibits low expression of MYH11 at the spot resolution. b The upregulated genes in the vessels shared by two samples are ranked according to the gene scores. The green box marks the gene of interest. c Cells in the vessel regions are divided into two groups according to PLA2G2A expression levels. The dotted vertical line separates PLA2G2A⁺ (green) and PLA2G2A⁻ (blue) cells at log expression = 0.5. d GO pathway enrichment using the top 500 upregulated DEGs (which was determined by the lowest adjusted p-values using two-sided Welch’s t-test) in the PLA2G2A⁺ cells. e IF staining views of protein level PLA2G2A expression. The experiment was performed in two post-LVAD patient tissue samples. Source data are provided in a Source Data file.