Fig. 2: Superior stability of the N-HEI/KB cathode.

a ORR polarization curves of N-HEI/KB, HEI/KB, and commercial Pt/C in O2-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 (pH = 1.0 ± 0.1) at 25 °C with a rotation rate of 1600 rpm and a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. b ORR polarization curves of N-HEI/KB catalyst tested at the beginning of life (BOL) and different potential cycles with a scan rate of 10 mV s−1 at 1600 rpm. c Mass activity (at 0.9 V) of N-HEI/KB, HEI/KB, PtNiN/KB, PtCoN/KB, and commercial Pt/C catalysts at BOL and 30k cycles. The error bars represent the standard deviation derived from three independent experimental measurements. d–f In situ XANES spectra of N-HEI/KB collected at different potentials in fluorescence mode at the d Pt L3-edge, e Co K-edge, and f Ni K-edge. g Comparison of the adsorption edge peaks (Pt, Co, Ni) of the XANES spectra for N-HEI/KB, HEI/KB and Pt/C as a function of potential obtained in 0.1 M HClO4 (relative to Δμ at 0.42 V). Source data for Fig. 2 are provided as a Source Data file.