Fig. 4: Photophysical properties of X-CPDs-n at 77 K.

a Photographs of X-CPDs-n (n = 2–8) before and after turning off the UV lamp (365 nm) at 77 K. b The phosphorescence lifetime decay curves of X-CPDs-n (n = 2–8) at 77 K. c, f Time-dependent phosphorescence mapping of (c) X-CPDs-3 or (f) X-CPDs-4 excited by 365 nm at 77 K. d, g Delayed emission spectra of (d) X-CPDs-3 or (g) X-CPDs-4 with varying delayed times excited by 365 nm at 77 K (interval of 500 ms). e, h Trajectory of TDPC of (e) X-CPDs-3 or (h) X-CPDs-4 in the CIE coordinate diagram at 77 K. i Schematic of the formation of TDPC of the X-CPDs-n (n = 2, 4–8).