Fig. 3: Breaking the Manley-Rowe limit through non-reciprocal frequency conversion.
From: Non-reciprocal frequency conversion in a non-Hermitian multimode nonlinear system
Efficiency of terahertz idler mode generation ηTHz as a function of comb length with (solid lines) and without (dashed line) dissipation engineering, showing strong enhancement with respect to the Manley-Rowe (MR) limit. In these simulations, ℏω0∣s0∣2 = 10 kW, β0 = 3 × 10−4 J−1/2, Δ = 2π ⋅ 6.34 MHz, QT = 104, and μ = 10−2γ. With dissipation engineering, the pump and boundary modes have quality factor QN = 4 × 105 and the blueshifted modes have quality factor Qb = 102. The case with only nonlinearity (NL only) included a seed ℏωT∣sT∣2 = 0.484 mW, equal to the THz drive power necessary for modulation index J ~ 0.03 (free spectral range FSR = 1 GHz) in the presence of amplitude modulation. The following efficiencies are not shown because they are effectively zero on the plot: ηTHz ≈ 0 (NL only with Q0 = 107, 4 × 107 and no dissipation engineering), ηTHz = 1.38 × 10−7 (NL only with Q0 = 107 and dissipation engineering). The case for the non-reciprocal system (AM + NL) with \({Q}_{\max }=4\times 1{0}^{7}\) without dissipation engineering is not plotted because it did not reach a steady state within 1 μs.
