Fig. 1: Comparison of conventional and hierarchical anode assemblies.
From: Tunnel-structured IrOx unlocks catalytic efficiency in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers
a Schematic of conventional anode assembly based on rutile-phase IrOx nanoparticles in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, illustrating degradation mechanisms such as nanoparticle migration and islanding effect, where discontinuous catalyst domains lead to electrical dead zones. b Schematic of hierarchical anode assembly based on tunnel-structured IrOx nanorods, featuring an efficient electron-conductive network and abundant mass transport pathways.
