Fig. 4: The gut microbiota profiles in cholecystectomy patients and mice models.

a α-diversity of the gut microbiota at all levels in HC and GBx patients (two-tailed Welch’s t test). b NMDS of bacterial communities based on Bray-Curtis similarity. c VIP score of the PLS-DA in gut microbiota. VIP scores were used to rank the ability of different taxa to discriminate between the two groups. A taxon with VIP score > 2.0 was considered important in the discrimination. d Index (α-diversity) of the gut microbiota between Sham+AOM/DSS and GBx+AOM/DSS mice. (two-tailed Welch’s t test, n = 7 vs 9). The center line of the boxplot represents the median; the box spans from the first quartile (Q1) to the third quartile (Q3); the whiskers extend from the box to the maximum and minimum values within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) from the box. e NMDS of bacterial communities based on Bray-Curtis similarity (n = 7 vs 9). f VIP score of the PLS-DA. VIP scores were used to rank the ability of different taxa to discriminate between the two groups. A taxon with VIP score > 2.0 was considered important in the discrimination (n = 7 vs 9). g Relative abundance (percent reads) of B. breve between healthy and cholecystectomy patients based on metagenomics sequencing. h Relative abundance (percent reads) of R. gnavus between healthy and cholecystectomy patients based on metagenomics sequencing. i The relative abundance of B. breve between the Sham+AD and GBx+AD group (n = 7 vs 9). j Relative abundance of R. gnavus between Sham+AOM/DSS and GBx+AOM/DSS mice (n = 7 vs 8). k qPCR analysis of B. breve abundance in Sham and GBx mice (n = 5 vs 6). l qPCR analysis of R. gnavus in Sham and GBx mice (two-tailed t test, n = 5 vs 6). m qPCR analysis of B. breve abundance in APC-Sham and APC-GBx mice (n = 6/group). n qPCR analysis of R. gnavus in APC^min/+ mice (two-tailed Welch^’s t test, n = 6/group). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM. P values were determined by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test for g–k, m, and were indicated in each figure. HC healthy control, AD AOM/DSS, NMDS nonmetric multidimensional scaling, VIP variable importance in projection, B. breve, Bifidobacterium breve, R. gnavus Ruminococcus gnavus. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.