Fig. 2: Benthic foraminifera δ¹⁸O and Pa/Th results compared to other last glacial inception abrupt changes.

A Atmospheric CO₂⁵⁵. B Benthic foraminifera δ¹⁸O results from this study. The colored dots are individual measurements. The colored lines average multiple data points at the same depth if they are available. The gray line is LR04¹. C–E Pa/Th results with the 2σ error bars. Notice the y-axes are upside down. The horizontal dashed lines are the Pa/Th production ratio (0.093). B–E are all from this study, except CDH19 benthic δ¹⁸O in (B) is from ref. ²¹ (F) Sortable silt data (dots) and three-point average (line) from ref. ¹² (G) Cd/Ca data (dots) and three-point average (line) from ref. ¹⁰ (H) The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation intensity, defined as the maximum overturning streamfunction in the North Atlantic⁷. I The benthic δ¹³C record from MD02-2448 in the South Indian Ocean¹¹. The line is the three-point moving average of the raw data (dots). J Southern Ocean ice-rafted debris mass accumulation rate record from AP_comp³⁹. In (H–J), the numbers mark the corresponding Proposals 1–3 (see text). The blue shading is the last glacial inception (113–119 ka). The pink shading is the last interglacial (119–129 ka).