Fig. 4: Output/sensing performance and application demonstration of HM-S.
a Voc, and b Isc of HM-S with different sensing unit sizes. c Voc of HM under slight-contact mode (0 % strain). d Isc of HM-S under different strains and, e various frequencies. f The relationship between calculated power density (P) and resistance (R) of external loads (U and S represent the generated voltage loaded on resistance box and device area, respectively). The contact pairs were fixed as PE/HM-S for (a)-(e) and carbon fabric/HM-S for (f). g Voc of HM-S and bulk hydrogel mechanoreceptor with distinct contact objects. The error bar illustrated in each column was obtained by calculating the mean and variance of the five peaks. h Texture recognition of cotton fabrics achieved by HM-S with shear/press modes (A is the fabric ampacity, reflecting the roughness of fabrics). i Isc of HM-S while touching cotton fabrics, different am in shear (up) and press (down) modes. j Shape identification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) balls by detecting the brightness and flicker frequency of the LED.
