Table 1 Comparison between energy consumption intensity75 and the effectiveness of ARDL models measured in country-aggregated R-squared values for the investigated countries in 2020

From: Global decarbonization corresponding with unseasonal land cover change

Entity

Fossil fuels per capita (kWh)

GDP per capita, PPP ($)

Fossil fuels / GDP (kWh/$)

Land per capita (km2)

R2

Russia

47.80

26583.80

0.001798

0.1174

0.845

China

24.39

16296.78

0.001497

0.0068

0.602

India

5.61

6114.03

0.000918

0.0021

0.480

Japan

32.88

39935.47

0.000823

0.0030

0.465

Germany

30.70

51840.33

0.000592

0.0043

0.667

Spain

20.57

35967.89

0.000572

0.0107

0.545

Brazil

8.00

14021.96

0.000571

0.0399

0.431

Italy

22.20

39065.28

0.000568

0.0051

0.541

United Kingdom

21.66

41984.11

0.000516

0.0036

0.495

France

18.65

42233.14

0.000442

0.0085

0.560