Fig. 1: Dynamic process of light-induced halide phase segregation and recovery in WBG perovskite film.

a–d In-situ KPFM mapping at the same position showing topography (top), surface potential (middle), and schematic (bottom) of the perovskite film. a Pristine state, b During light soaking, c After light soaking, and d After dark rest. Images were flattened to 0th order for improved contrast. The white rectangle highlights noticeable topography and surface potential changes within one grain. e Ion migration activation energy derived from temperature-dependent conductivity measurements. f PL spectra of perovskite films with different states. g J–V curves of WBG PSCs at states I, III, and IV under reverse scan.