Fig. 4: Device performance of pristine, light soaking-treated, and PHASET WBG PSCs.

a Cross-sectional SEM image of a representative PHASET device. b J–V curves of the best-performing WBG PSCs under reverse scan. c Statistical distribution of the PCEs from 24 devices; error bars indicate standard deviations. d EQE spectra with corresponding integrated current densities. e Stabilized power output and current density over 600 s, measured at the MPP voltages. f Dark J–V characteristics. g VOC as a function of light intensity. h Thermal stability tracking of encapsulated PSCs at 85 °C. i Efficiency evolution of unencapsulated PSCs under continuous 1-sun white LED illumination in N2 at ~40 °C. Data represent four devices per group; error bars show standard deviations.