Fig. 5: Photovoltaic performance and characterization of complete all-perovskite TSCs.

a Schematic of the two-terminal all-perovskite TSC architecture. b Cross-sectional SEM image of a representative TSC. c J–V curves of the best-performing TSCs measured under reverse scan; the inset summarizes key photovoltaic parameters. d EQE spectra with integrated JSC values. Statistical distributions of e PCE and f VOC from 24 devices; error bars represent standard deviations. g Stabilized power output over 600 s, measured at the MPP voltages. h Continuous MPP tracking of unencapsulated TSCs under continuous 1-sun white LED illumination in N2 at ~40 °C.