Fig. 4: Grid stability risks induced by Ultra-fast Fast Charging System (UFCS) deployment. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Grid stability risks induced by Ultra-fast Fast Charging System (UFCS) deployment.

From: China’s urban EV ultra-fast charging distorts regulated price signals and elevates risk to grid stability

Fig. 4

a−f Temporal distribution of the probability of exceeding illustrative Regulating Reserve levels in Beijing (a, d), Guangzhou (b, e), and Shanghai (c, f) for 2030 (a−c) and 2035 (d−f). g−i probability of exceeding Capacity Reserve thresholds under different UFCS deployment scales. The thresholds represent the baseline maximum charging load plus an additional reserve margin equivalent to 15% (g), 20% (h), or 25% (i) of the maximum simulated charging load. Points and the error bars on the lines indicate the mean value and standard deviation derived from M = 50 independent simulations for each deployment scale (at intervals of 250 UFCS).

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