Fig. 5: Impact of on-site Energy Storage System (ESS) integrated Ultra-fast Fast Charging System (UFCS) on charging load. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Impact of on-site Energy Storage System (ESS) integrated Ultra-fast Fast Charging System (UFCS) on charging load.

From: China’s urban EV ultra-fast charging distorts regulated price signals and elevates risk to grid stability

Fig. 5

a−i depict the charging load profiles under different scenarios: no ESS, ESS with capacity charge scheme, ESS with demand response control (under 20% of CR), and ESS in an unregulated market scenario, across 2030, 2035, and 2050 deployment timelines in three cities. Shaded areas represent the mean ± standard deviation over a 30 min window started at each time point. (j, k) illustrate key metrics for assessing charging load stability in these scenarios, with (j) showing the maximum charging load and (k) presenting the average hourly peak-to-valley difference.

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