Fig. 3: Magnetic actuation and motion control of AR.

A Schematic of magnetic actuation of AR, wherein V denotes the forward velocity, B represents the strength of the magnetic field, f denotes the frequency of the magnetic field, ω represents the rotation velocity of AR, and θ indicates the tilt angle between z and rotation axis of AR. B TEM images of AMB-1. The magnified view highlights the magnetosome chains within AMB-1 (right panel). The experiment was repeated independently three times with similar results, and a representative result is shown. C Magnetic hysteresis loops of AMB-1 and AR. The experiment was repeated independently three times with similar results, and a representative result is shown. D Velocity of AMB-1 and AR in SLF under magnetic field with different frequencies (n = 20 independent samples). E Representative tracking trajectories of AMB-1 in SLF for 20 s. F Parabola fitting of MSD obtained from the optical tracking of AMB-1 in different frequencies. G Representative tracking trajectories of AR in SLF for 20 s. H Parabola fitting of MSD obtained from the optical tracking of AR in different frequencies. I AR writes “W” under RMF manipulation. J Video snapshot of AR performing a predefined track of “W”. The full name of MSD is mean square-displacement. Data in D is the mean ± S.D. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.