Fig. 4: Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of lineage-switched AML compared with M-MDSCs in autoimmune diseases.

a UMAP plot of single-cell transcriptomic data obtained from five LS AML, five LC AML, and three autoimmune disease samples. SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, sJIA systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. b The normalized intensity of the gene signatures (monocyte, HLA-DR, and M-MDSC) on the UMAP is represented by color. c The M-MDSC-like AML subset and M-MDSCs (red) are defined as cells with a normalized expression level of M-MDSC signature genes ≥ 150 (upper figure). Within that subset, LS AML cells are shown in orange, LC AML cells in green, and autoimmune disease M-MDSCs in red (lower figure). d The M-MDSC-like LS AML subset and the non-M-MDSC-like LS AML subset were compared by hematopoietic gene set analysis. Enriched terms across input gene lists are ranked according to their adjusted p-value. A two-sided well-adopted hypergeometric test and Benjamini-Hochberg p-value correction were used for multiple comparisons. R-HSA reactome-Homo sapiens, GO gene ontology, WP WikiPathways. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. e Network of terms enriched in gene sets characteristic of the M-MDSC-like LS AML subset. In the left figure, these are colored according to cluster ID; nodes that share the same cluster ID are typically close to each other. In the right figure they are colored by p-value. A two-sided well-adopted hypergeometric test and Benjamini-Hochberg p-value correction were used for multiple comparisons. f k-nearest neighbor graphs created by the SPRING pipeline. The expression of each gene signature (M-MDSC, HSC/MPP, and neutrophil-myeloid progenitor) is shown by color.