Fig. 5: CZP@LC effectively alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and rescued cellular senescence.

A–D JC-1 and mitoSOX staining were used to detect and quantify the mitochondrial function of cells treated with AA and various nanoparticles (n = 5 independent experiments). E–H The nanoplatforms alleviated the oxidative stress and senescence caused by AA in MC3T3-E1 cells, as detected and quantified by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining (n = 5 independent experiments). I–L Representative immunofluorescence images and quantitative analysis of IL-1β and TNF-α in the different groups (n = 5 independent experiments). M, N Representative images and quantitative analysis of DHE fluorescence staining of femoral sections (n = 5 mice). The data were expressed as the means ± SDs. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.