Fig. 1: Methane emissions by country income group and the top ten countries.

a PBE (in solid lines) and CBE (in dashed lines) of country groups during 1990–2023; b, c PBE intensity (i.e., PBE per unit of GDP) and per capita CBE of country groups, respectively; and d Sectoral PBE in the top ten countries in 2023. Data source: the PBE and CBE of countries used in a are calculated based on GLORIA environmental accounts and MRIO tables³⁹; PBE intensity and per capita CBE in b are calculated with the World Bank dataset; the sectoral emissions in d are collected from EDGAR⁶. Detailed PBE and CBE of countries and aggregated groups are provided in Supplementary Data 1. A global map for the five aggregated regions is shown in the Supplementary Fig. 1.