Table 1 Structural, ionic, electronic, and magnetic properties at 300 K of selected positive electrode, solid electrolyte, and negative electrode materials
From: Magnetic microscopy for operando imaging of battery dynamics
Dimension of Li+ conduction [Structure] | Material | Li+ diffusivity (cm2 s−1) | Ionic conductivity (S cm−1) | Electronic conductivity (S cm−1) | Magnetic state | Magnetic ground state | Molar magnetic susceptibility (m3 mol-1) | Influence of (de-)lithiation on molar magnetic susceptibility (m3 mol-1) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive electrode (x = 1) | 1D [Olivine] | LixFePO4 | 10−14129 | 10−4130 | 10−9130 | Paramagnet111 | Antiferromagnet111 | 4.5 × 10−876 | ↓ 4.1 × 10−8 (x = 0) when fully delithiated76 |
LixFe0.8Mn0.2PO4 | 10−12131 | - | 10−6132 | Paramagnet112 | Antiferromagnet133 | 1.3 × 10−7112 | ↓ 8.2 × 10−8 (x = 0) when fully delithiated112 | ||
2D [Layered] | LixCoO2 | 10−9134 | 10−7135 | Paramagnet77 | Paramagnet33 | 1.3 × 10−977 | ↑ 7.2 × 10−9 (x = 0.6) when delithiated, plateaus at ∼ 6.0 × 10−9 (x < 0.6) on further delithiation73 | ||
LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 | 10−10138 | 10−10138 | 10−4138 | Paramagnet139 | Paramagnet139 | 3.8 × 10−8139 | ↓ 1.5 × 10−8 (charged to 4.7 V) when delithiated139 | ||
LixMnO2 | 10−9140 | - | 10−8140 | Paramagnet141 | Antiferromagnet141 | 2.7 × 10−8141 | ↑ 6.1 × 10−8 (x = 0.39) when delithiated141 | ||
LixNiO2 | 10−9142 | - | 100143 | Paramagnet144 | Ferromagnet144 | 2.3 × 10−8144 | ↑ 2.8 × 10−8 (x = 0.94) when delithiated144 | ||
LixNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 | 10−13145 10−10138 | 10−6135 | 10−7138 10−6135 | Paramagnet74 | Antiferromagnet74 | 3.1 × 10−874 | - | ||
LixNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 | 10−3135 | 10−3135 | Paramagnet147 | Antiferromagnet147 | 1.6 × 10−839 | ↑ 2.2 × 10−8 (x = 0) when fully delithiated39 | |||
LixNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 | 10−11148 | 10−2135 | 10−3135 | Paramagnet149 | Antiferromagnet149 | 2.2 × 10−8149 | - | ||
3D [Spinel] | LixMn2O4 | 10−8150 | 10−6–10−4151 | 10−7-10−5151 | Paramagnet152 | Antiferromagnet152 | 1.0 × 10−7152 | - | |
LixMn1.5Ni0.5O4 | 10−9153 | 10−9153 | 10−6153 | Paramagnet154 | Ferromagnet154 | 1.4 × 10−7154 | - | ||
Negative electrode (x = 0) | 3D [Spinel] | Li4+3xTi5O12 | 10−11155 | 10−6158 | 4.1 × 10−10159 | ↑ 1.3 × 10−8 (x = 0.95) when fully lithiated159 | |||
3D [Hexagonal] | LixC6 (Graphite) | 10-5160 | - | 104161 (Single crystal) | Diamagnet162 | Diamagnet162 | -5.0 × 10−9162 | ↑ 1.2 × 10−9 (x > 0.5) when lithiated162 0.34 <x < 0.5: Transition to Paramagnet162 | |
3D [Diamond] | Si | 10−9163 | 10−4163 | 10−4163 | Diamagnet164 | Diamagnet164 | -4.2 × 10−11164 | - | |
3D [Tetragonal] | SnO2 | 10−14165 | - | 100166 (Single crystal) | Diamagnet167 | Diamagnet167 | -7.3 × 10−10167 | - | |
3D [Cubic] | Co3O4 | 10−9168 (Microsphere) | - | 10−3169 (Thin film) | Paramagnet170 | Antiferromagnet170 | 7.8 × 10−8171 | - | |
Electrolyte | 2D [Layered] (Perovskite) | Li0.3La0.56TiO3 (LLTO) | 10−8172 | 10−3172 | 10−9173 10−7174 | Paramagnet175 | - | - | - |
3D [NASICON] | Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) | 10−10176 | - | - | - | - | |||
Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) | 10−9180 | 10−8183 | - | - | - | - | |||
3D [Tetragonal] (Garnet) | Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) | 10−14184 | 10−6185 | 10−7186 | Diamagnet | - | -1.2 × 10-11 (Measured here) | - | |
3D [Cubic] (Garnet) | Li6.25(Ga,Al)0.25La3Zr2O12 | 10−8 (Al)189 10−7 (Ga)190 | - | - | - | ||||
Li6.25Fe0.25La3Zr2O12 | - | 10−5195 10−3196 | 10−6195 | Paramagnet109 | - | - | - | ||
Nonlinear [Oxynitride glass] | Li3PO4 (Thin film) | 10−12197 | 10−8198 10−7199 | 10−10199 | - | - | - | - | |
Li2.4PO2.2N0.6 (LiPON) (Thin film) | 10−9200 | 10−6200 | 10−13200 | - | - | - | - |
