Fig. 5: Heatmap presentation of lignin-carbohydrate interactions in seven Arabidopsis samples.

a Overall lignin-carbohydrate cross-peaks were analyzed in four different ways depending on whether the lignin methoxy and carbohydrate acetyls are included or not. S/G: lignin aromatic carbon only; OMe: lignin methoxy; carbo: carbohydrate carbons with acetyls excluded; Ac: acetyl. The heatmap intensity represents the contacted carbon percentage calculated from cross-peak integrals extracted from 2D dipolar-gated 13C-13C correlation spectra with a long-mixing time (1.0 s). b Analysis of lignin-acetyl cross-peaks. c Correlations between resolvable lignin sites and carbohydrate carbons with acetyls excluded. Key lignin-carbohydrate cross-peaks that evolve in different inflorescence segments are shown separated in (d–f). Source data are provided as a Source data file.