Fig. 3: Change in Amazonian functional composition across trait-space.

Principal component analysis for the continental-scale simulation area (Fig. S3) and each climate change scenario: A RCP4.5 Clim+CO₂, B RCP4.5 Clim, C RCP8.5 Clim+CO₂, and D RCP8.5 Clim. All trees in the study region were included in the calculations. Trait space was divided into hexagons. Each hexagon was then overlaid with an empirical 2D kernel density estimate of the change in the number of individuals across trait-space between 2000 and 2100. Traits used as in Fig. 2. Hydraulic-strategy traits align predominantly along PC1, with productive vs. conservative strategy traits along PC2. For clarity, arrow length was tripled, and changes greater or less than  ±500 were set to  ±500. Arrows point toward: a higher allocation of carbon to grow roots (A-Root), leaves (A-Leaf) and stems (A-Stem) vs deferred growth via higher allocation to storage (A-Store), less negative water potential at 50% loss of conductance (P50), an evergreen leaf phenology (Eg) (as opposed to deciduous), light-triggered leaf flush (Phenology) (as opposed to water-triggered), increased maximum rooting depth (Root-D). The data underlying this figure are provided in figshare (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26232395).