Fig. 2: Electrochemical activation and structural characterizations of activated catalysts.

a In situ Raman spectroscopy analysis of catalyst reconstruction for Fe-Ni2P/NiMoO4. The geometric structure of the activated catalyst for R-Fe-Ni2P/NiMoO4. b SEM, (c)enlarged SEM, (d) HRTEM, and (e) enlarged HRTEM images. f The HAAD-STEM image of R-Fe-Ni2P/NiMoO4 (scale bar: 100 nm), and (g–k) corresponding EDS element mapping images. The electronic structure of activated catalysts. l Ni 2p, (m) O 1 s, and (n) Fe 2p high-resolution XPS spectra. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.