Fig. 1: Late Paleozoic tectonic activity, climate, and sea-level changes.
From: Tectonic–astronomical interactions in shaping late Paleozoic climate and organic carbon burial
a The glaciation history with grounded ice and possible ice coverage across major regions1. b The partial pressure of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) reconstructions compiled from multiple geochemical proxies (purple crosses)9,71,91 with a 35% locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) trend line. c Long-term and short-term sea-level changes relative to present-day levels85. d Lengths of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) and subduction zones13. e The intensity of plate tectonic activity through subduction and MOR dynamics13. f 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios after removing a long-term trend92. g Carbon isotope composition (δ13C) values from marine sedimentary carbonates81 with a 15% locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) trend line, compiled from regionally variable sources for the Carboniferous and predominantly from early Permian datasets93, representing a first-order approximation of long-term isotopic trends. h Modeled carbon emission rates (black area) and cumulative carbon release (red curve) derived from LOSCAR (Long-term Ocean-Atmosphere-Sediment CArbon cycle Reservoir) simulation. i Frequency histograms of global detrital zircon age counts22. j Extinction intensity across the late Paleozoic92. Phases I, II, and III denote tectonic phases defined in this study, corresponding to ~360–330 Ma, ~330–280 Ma, and ~280–250 Ma, respectively.
