Fig. 6: Electrochemical performance of initially anode-free sodium metal batteries with aging.

a Time-dependent changes of interfacial resistance in Na | |Na coin cells and b. normalized interfacial resistance with respect to initial resistance (t = 0). c Storage time dependence of CE of Na plating/aging/stripping in Na | |Cu coin cells. d The cycling performance of the Al/C | | NFM full cells with 1.5 h resting at both charged and discharged states at 22 ± 1°C. e the cycling performance of the Al/C | | NFM full cells with the testing protocol between 2.0 V and 3.8 V, at −30 ± 1°C, charging at 0.2 C-rate and then discharging at 0.2 C-rate with and without resting for 1.5 h, 1 C = 120 mA/g. f Cycling performance of the initially anode-free pouch cell at 85 mA at 22 ± 1°C.