Fig. 5: Evaluation of the wearable sensor for in-situ monitoring of chronic infected wounds and biocompatibility in a diabetic mouse model. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Evaluation of the wearable sensor for in-situ monitoring of chronic infected wounds and biocompatibility in a diabetic mouse model.

From: Soft bioelectronics embedded with self-confined tetrahedral DNA circuit for high-fidelity chronic wound monitoring

Fig. 5

a Image of the cutted biosensing patch mounted on a skin wound in vivo. The cutted biosensing patch is in contact with the right wound, while the left flank wound is used as a control. b, c Comparison of wound area changes from day 0 to day 15 with and without sensing patch (n = 3 mice per group). Scale bar, 3 mm. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (two-sided). Adjusted P values: 1 day, 0.7424; 5 days, 0.9580; 10 days, 0.9992; 15 days, 0.9132. All comparisons ns not significant (P > 0.05). H&E tissue section images (d) and the statistical data (e) of diabetic wounds treated with and without biosensing patch (n = 4 mice per group). Basal keratinocyte upward migration thickness, BKUT. Scale bar, 1 mm. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test (two-sided). Adjusted P values: 10 days, 0.5510; 20 days, 0.1916. All comparisons ns not significant (P > 0.05). f Fluorescence images of CD3 expression in mouse tissue with/without cutted biosensing patch. Scale bar, 50 mm. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. g System-level block diagram showing signal transduction, data processing, and wireless transmission. LPF low-pass filter, VF voltage follower, VD voltage divider, TIA transimpedance amplifier, Amp amplifier, LDO low dropout regulator. h Photograph of a fully integrated sensing system with mechanical flexibility. Scale bar, 1 cm. i Image of a mouse wearing the biosensing system for in situ biochemical and biophysical sensing. j Schematic illustration of the wound healing process and the variation of different protein biomarkers in different healing stages. Created in BioRender. Xiao, X. (2025) https://BioRender.com/3m7o2dj. k Dynamic changes of TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, VEGF, pH, and temperature during in-situ monitoring of infected diabetic wounds (n = 3 mice per group). Data are presented as mean ± SD (c, e, and k). Source data from (c, e, and k) are provided as a Source Data file.

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