Fig. 4: Quantification of microstructural changes due to chemical degradation.

Histogram of labeled cathode particles for a surface area, b volume, and c surface area to volume ratio. d Comparative analysis of porosity and ionic tortuosity between bare NCM and LiDFP NCM within the reconstructed 3D composite electrode. e Comparison of cathode surface area versus contact loss area and f comparison of contact loss area versus adjacent pore volume for each labeled cathode particle in both bare NCM and LiDFP NCM. g GITT and OCV curves of In/InLi|LPSCl|NCM composite for bare NCM and LiDFP NCM during the first discharge cycle and corresponding h \({(\frac{\Delta {E}_{s}}{\Delta {E}_{t}})}^{2}\) profiles for each GITT step of bare NCM and LiDFP NCM. i Electrochemical cycle performance of bare NCM and LiDFP NCM at C/10 (1C = 1.36 mA/cm2) rate and 25 °C under varying stack pressure of 2.6, 3.3, and 6.5 MPa with 7.4 mg/cm2 active material mass loading.