Fig. 4: Evaluation of external voltage effect on membrane desalination and lithium concentration performance.
From: Simultaneous voltage-gated control of ion and water transport in Zr4-Ti3C2Tx nanochannel membranes
a Water permeance and NaCl rejection rate of Zr4-Ti3C2Tx membranes under varying external voltages (membrane thickness: 2000 nm). b Impact of membrane thickness on voltage-gated desalination performance. c Advantages of voltage-gated confined transport systems in overcoming the traditional trade-off between permeability and selectivity. d Comparison of desalination performance of 2000-nm-thick Zr4-Ti3C2Tx membranes at 22 bar with Ti3C2Tx, GO, MoS2, carbon nanotube (CN), hybrid membranes, and polymeric thin-film composite membranes. Desalination tests were conducted with a 1.0 M sucrose solution; salt concentrations may vary between studies. A direct comparison with literature data is provided in Supplementary Table 2. e Water permeance and lithium recovery rate of Zr4-Ti3C2Tx membranes under different applied voltages. Error bars indicated the standard deviations from three different samples.
