Fig. 4: Programming material stiffness through different AC inputs.

a Illustration of the setup for a multiple-modulus gel with 3 pair electrode configuration by various voltages (4, 12, and 8 Vrms from left to right at 500 Hz). b Finite-element simulation (via Python) of the electric field distribution within the sample. c Photograph of multi-stiffness organogel obtained after AC voltage application. d Storage modulus of electric field-induced thiol–ene organogel as a function of distance.