Fig. 1: Design strategy for BME-responsive self-thermophoretic nanomotor to treat refractory IABIs.

a Construction of the Janus bisphere nanostructure Motor@CP. b The NIR-propelled Motor@CP exhibits remarkable biofilm penetration and significant autonomous movement within biofilms, further leveraging amplified copper ion interference and macrophage reprogramming to eradicate refractory orthopedic IABIs.