Fig. 3: In vitro movement and biofilm penetration performance of Motor@CP. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: In vitro movement and biofilm penetration performance of Motor@CP.

From: Amplified copper ion interference and immunomodulation using self-thermophoretic nanomotors to treat refractory implant-associated biofilm infections

Fig. 3

a Schematic illustration of the movement of NIR laser-driven Motor@CP. b Temperature elevation of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 7.4) with different NIR laser power (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W cm−2). c Representative tracking trajectories of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 7.4) with different NIR laser power (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W cm−2) over 3 s. d–f Velocity, MSD curve, and corresponding Deff of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 7.4) under different NIR laser power. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). g Temperature elevation of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 5.5) with different NIR laser power (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W cm−2). h Representative tracking trajectories of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 5.5) with different NIR laser power (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W cm−2) over 3 s. i–k Velocity, MSD curve, and Deff of Motor@CP in PBS (pH 5.5) under different NIR laser power. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). l Cu ions release rates of CP, Motor@CP, and Motor@CP + NIR in PBS (pH 5.5). Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). m Schematic diagram of transwell assay composed of S. aureus biofilm. Created in BioRender. Liuliang He (2025) (https://BioRender.com/ov97w82). n The ratio of Motor@CP penetrated into basal chamber after different time (1, 3, 5, and 10 min) of NIR laser irradiation in apical chamber. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). o The ratio of nanoparticles penetrated into basal chamber after 5 min of incubation in apical chamber. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biologically independent samples). p 3D CLSM images and corresponding z-stack fluorescent images of nanoparticles penetrating S. aureus biofilm for 5 min. Green: live bacteria, Red: rhodamine B labeled nanoparticles. These experiments (g–k, m–o) were covered by a slice of 2.0 mm-thick pork ham. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

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