Fig. 4: Conceptual model illustrating the ecological mechanisms of interaction between protists and bacterial taxa in the rhizosphere.

The model provides an overview of the main findings reported in this study, as follows: 1) Predatory protists can directly suppress phytopathogen via predation; 2) Predatory protists can enrich for specific plant-beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere; 3) Protist predation can promote biofilm formation to protect against predation by ecological interaction between microbial species within the rhizosphere; 4) Protists can indirectly enhance biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in plant-beneficial bacteria. Created in BioRender. Yue, Y. (2025) https://BioRender.com/g0lezf7.