Fig. 1: System boundary and model framework of this study. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: System boundary and model framework of this study.

From: Role of anthropogenic mineral circularity in addressing dual challenges of resource supply and waste management in global photovoltaic development

Fig. 1

a Schematic of the system boundary, covering five PV module (m-Si, p-Si, a-Si, CdTe, CIGS) and BOS components (mounting, cabling, inverters). b Model framework of this study: (1) dynamic materials flow analysis; (2) secondary material supply potential assessment; (3) assessment of metals criticality alleviation, economic potential, and carbon emission reduction benefits; and (4) sensitivity analysis of key parameters. m-Si monocrystalline silicon, p-Si polycrystalline silicon, a-Si amorphous silicon, CdTe cadmium telluride, CIGS copper indium gallium selenide, IEA International Energy Agency, GW/y gigawatt/year.

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