Fig. 3: Deep water dynamics and productivity changes in the central Pacific and Atlantic Southern Ocean during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 to 10.
a Abundances of ice-rafted detritus (IRD) at IODP Site U1540. b G. bulloides (dark red) and Uvigerina spp. (light red) U/Mn ratios at IODP Site U1540. c Bulk sedimentary authigenic U (aU) levels26 at ODP Site 1094. d X-ray fluorescence (XRF) log(Ba/Fe) ratios at IODP Site U1540 (red) and ODP Site 1094 (blue)39. e Coccolith accumulation rate (dark green) and temperature-corrected (“residual”) coccolith Sr/Ca variations (light green) in core PS75/059-2 in the central South Pacific Ocean41. f Biogenic opal content in PS75/059-2 (green)40 and IODP Site U1540 (red)42. Symbols indicate discrete opal measurements at IODP Site U1540. g Nd isotopic composition (εNd) of mixed planktic foraminifera (circles) and fossil fish teeth/-debris (triangles) at IODP Site U1540 (red) including their external (2σ) or internal (2 SE) error. Dashed line and arrows indicate modern εNd composition at IODP Site U1540 (~−7.7)55 and of Ross Sea Bottom Water at hydrographic stations closest to the Ross Sea (i.e., PS75/088 and PS75/089)54 (RSBW; −7.35 ± 0.2), Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW, −8.3 ± 0.3)56 and Pacific Deep Water (PDW, −3.9 ± 0.7)53, respectively. h Bottom water temperature (BWT) estimates at IODP Site U1540 (red), ODP Site 1123 (yellow)45 and ODP Site 1094 (blue)36. Dashed lines indicate present-day BWT (IODP Site U1540 (red): ~1.1 °C, ODP Site 1123 (yellow): ~1.5 °C, ODP Site 1094 (blue): ~0 °C)46. i Global sea-level variations reconstructed from ODP Site 1123 (black)45 and a global compilation (gray)68 (dashed line indicates present-day global mean sea-level). MIS and substages are indicated following ref. 85, with MIS11c indicated by the gray box28. Transient peaks in b foraminiferal U/Mn levels at IODP Site U1540 during MIS11 are highlighted with blue boxes labeled with roman numbers, i.e., deoxygenation events (E) EI-EIII.
