Fig. 2: Environmental impacts of land-filling of photovoltaic waste in the Middle East and Africa in 2050.
From: Toward traceable global systems for end-of-life photovoltaic waste
a, b refers to the key environmental impacts: climate change (Mt CO₂ eq), ozone depletion (tonnes of trichlorofluoromethane equivalents, t CFC-11 eq), freshwater eutrophication (kilograms of phosphorus equivalent, kg P eq), human toxicity (kilograms of 1,4-dichlorobenzene equivalents, 1,4-DB eq), agricultural land occupation (Billion m²·a), urban land occupation (Billion m²·a), metal depletion (Fe eq), and fossil resource depletion (kg oil eq); c shows the normalized key environmental impacts assessment results, calculated using the ReCiPe 2016 midpoint (H) method. These standardized indicators facilitate cross-category comparison of environmental burdens.
