Fig. 5: Hydrogen bonding and formation of nucleation precursors near water interfaces at 300 K.
From: Competing hydrogen-bond orders drive water’s anomalous surface tension
a The distribution of \(\cos ({\theta }_{{{{\rm{Hb}}}}})\), where θHb is the angle between the OH bonds involved in hydrogen bonding and the z-axis across different water layers. b Number density profile of Ice-0-like water molecules (black line: total; blue line: S-state; orange line: ρ-state) identified by the ring analysis30. The surface is enriched with Ice-0-like water molecules. c Fraction profile of Ice-0-like water molecules within the total, S-state, and ρ-state water at T = 300 K, showing that the S-state favours the formation of Ice-0-like structures. d Fraction profile f of water involved in m-membered rings (m = 4 − 7). e Fraction profiles fs and fρ of S-state and ρ-state water involved in m-membered rings (m = 4 − 7), where f = fs + fρ. f Relative proportions fs/f and fρ/f of S-state and ρ-state among water molecules in m-membered rings (m = 4 − 7). The dashed orange lines indicate the average fraction s and 1 − s of S-state and ρ-state, respectively.
