Extended Data Fig. 5: Expressing psbA in the nucleus protects thylakoids against heat stress.

a-c, Blue native-PAGE analysis of thylakoid membrane proteins from detached leaves of wild-type and the indicated transgenic lines of Arabidopsis (a, A1, A2 and A3), tobacco (b, T6, T13 and T58) and rice (c, R3, R13 and R23) harboring the pHsfA2::RbcSPTP-psbA cDNA construct under normal (control) or heat stress conditions (41oC, 4 h for Arabidopsis, 42oC, 3 h for tobacco and 44oC, 8 h for rice). Three times these experiments were repeated independently with similar results. d-f, Transmission electron micrographs of the chloroplast ultrastructure from detached, fully expanded leaves of wild-type and the transgenic lines of Arabidopsis (d), tobacco (e) and rice (f) challenged with heat treatments (41oC, 4 h for Arabidopsis, 42oC, 3 h for tobacco and 44oC, 8 h for rice). Two times these experiments were repeated independently with similar results. Scale bars for TEM panels = 0.5 µm.