Fig. 2: Chloroplast and mitochondrial base editing in plants.

a–d, Frequencies and patterns of chloroplast base editing induced by cp-DdCBE in 16S rDNA (a,b) and psbA (c,d). Split DdCBE G1333 and G1397 pairs were transfected into lettuce and rapeseed protoplasts. e,f, Editing efficiencies and patterns of mitochondrial base editing induced by mt-DdCBE in the atp6 gene. Split DdCBE G1333 and G1397 pairs were transfected into lettuce and rapeseed protoplasts. In a,c,e, the TALE-binding regions are shown in blue, and the cytosines in the spacer are shown in orange. In all graphs, the error bars indicate the mean ± s.d. of three independent biological replicates. For a and c, the last TALE repeat (*) does not match the reference sequence. In b,d,f, converted nucleotides are shown in red. Edited allele percentages (mean ± s.d.) were obtained from three independent experiments.