Fig. 3: Plant organelle DNA editing via DdCBEs.

a, Schematic diagram of plant organelle mutagenesis. b, The efficiencies of C∙G-to-T∙A conversions in cp-DdCBE-transfected calli cultured in the absence of spectinomycin, with representative Sanger sequencing chromatograms. Converted nucleotides are shown in red in the sequences on the left. The arrowheads indicate the substituted nucleotides in the chromatograms. WT, wild type. c, Summary of DdCBE-driven plant organelle mutagenesis. Mutant calli are defined as those with edit frequencies significantly higher than the frequencies in mock-treated calli. d, Frequencies of C-to-T conversions induced following the transfection of mRNA encoding cp-DdCBE targeted to 16S rDNA into lettuce protoplasts. The error bars are the mean ± s.d. of n = 3 independent biological replicates. e, Frequencies and editing patterns in 2.5-month-old, spectinomycin-resistant calli. Spec, spectinomycin. f, Efficiencies of C∙G-to-T∙A conversions in DdCBE mRNA-transfected, streptomycin-resistant plantlets, with representative Sanger sequencing chromatograms. The arrows indicate the substitute nucleotides in the chromatograms. Scale bar, 1 mm.