Extended Data Fig. 4: High ambient temperature induces the production of ectopic organs in Hvmads1 inflorescences.
From: MADS1 maintains barley spike morphology at high ambient temperatures
a, WT (GP) inflorescence architecture at W9 at 28 °C. Bar = 0.5 cm. b, The developing hvm1 inflorescence from W5–9 at 28 °C. Red arrows indicate ectopic organs. Bars = 0.5 cm. c, The hvm1 heading spike at 28 °C. Red arrows indicate ectopic organs. Bar = 0.5 cm. d–f, The ES (ectopic spikelet) (d) and EI (ectopic inflorescence) (e,f) of the hvm1 spike grown at 28 °C. CS, central spikelet. Bars = 0.2 cm. g, The frequency of ES and EI in hvm1 spike sections (basal, central and apical) at different temperatures. Data shown as mean ± s.d., h, The average ES and EI number per hvm1 spike at five temperature conditions. Data shown as mean ± s.d. i, Total spikelet numbers, including spikelet from ES/EI, per WT or hvm1 spike at W7 at different temperatures. Data shown as mean ± s.d. P values indicate results from indicated pairwise comparisons of one-way ANOVA tests. j,k, The ES and EI induced by high ambient temperatures in hvm1 mutants of Vla (j) and WI (k) backgrounds. Bars = 0.5 cm. l,m, short (l) and elongated (m) EI branches with different spikelet morphology. s-EI, secondary EI branch; LS, lateral spikelet; le, lemma; pa, palea; st, stamen; ca, carpel; gl, glume. Bars = 0.5 cm. n, The frequency of short and elongated EI phenotype in hvm1 mutants at different temperatures. o, Mature spike of hvm1 (GP) mutant after treatment at high temperatures. Red arrows indicate fertile spikelets from EI or ES. Bar = 1 cm. p, Spikelet fertility rate of EI induced by high temperatures in hvm1 (GP) spikes. Data shown as mean ± s.d. q, Fertility rate of ES in hvm1 mutants of three backgrounds at 23 °C and 28 °C. Data shown as mean ± s.d. All individual biological experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results.
