Extended Data Fig. 2: Phenotypic changes in the FHGs and MHGs across different breeding eras.
From: Genomic insights into historical improvement of heterotic groups during modern hybrid maize breeding
a-c, phenotypic changes in the two female groups (PA and US_SS) and four male groups (PB, SPT, CN_NSS and US_NSS) from Era I to Era II. Group 1 (a), Group 2 (b) and Group 3 (c) include seven, eight and three traits, respectively. The P values of Era I versus Era II in six groups using two-sided Wilcoxon test (left to right, as plotted) are: DA, P = 6.36×10−6, 3.73×10−2, 1.34×10−5, 2.07×10−2, 8.83×10−6 and 2.09×10−2, respectively; DS, P = 7.40×10−8, 1.27×10−2, 5.83×10−5, 9.61×10−2, 1.00×10−6 and 1.83×10−2, respectively; ASI, P = 4.14×10−7, 1.58×10−1, 1.29×10−1, 4.64×10−2, 1.05×10−2 and 2.64×10−1, respectively; EH, P = 5.35×10−3, 3.14×10−4, 3.27×10−2, 6.25×10−1, 7.50×10−6 and 1.81×10−2, respectively; EP, P = 3.94×10−3, 2.93×10−4, 1.39×10−3, 3.71×10−1, 4.12×10−8 and 1.30×10−6, respectively; TBN, P = 1.07×10−7, 1.26×10−4, 6.45×10−1, 9.31×10−1, 2.95×10−12 and 2.62×10−10, respectively; KR, P = 3.55×10−1, 3.55×10−3, 2.58×10−3, 1.55×10−2, 2.21×10−4 and 9.67×10−5, respectively; GYPP, P = 3.67×10−1, 1.68×10−1, 9.67×10−3, 2.13×10−1, 3.26×10−8 and 3.12×10−6, respectively; KWPE, P = 7.93×10−1, 2.56×10−1, 1.76×10−3, 2.09×10−2, 1.46×10−7 and 2.15×10−5, respectively; EW, P = 9.48×10−1, 4.39×10−1, 4.85×10−3, 3.47×10−2, 1.42×10−6 and 4.72×10−4, respectively; KNPR, P = 5.77×10−1, 2.05×10−1, 3.37×10−1, 9.58×10−1, 6.71×10−1 and 1.66×10−4, respectively; HKW, P = 6.13×10−2, 4.09×10−1, 4.53×10−1, 2.59×10−1, 6.90×10−4 and 4.29×10−4, respectively; HKV, P = 2.15×10−2, 5.56×10−1, 2.78×10−2, 3.84×10−2, 8.49×10−7 and 9.94×10−4, respectively; KL, P = 6.53×10−1, 3.14×10−1, 5.53×10−5, 1.17×10−5, 2.71×10−8 and 5.75×10−5, respectively; KW, P = 2.50×10−1, 6.41×10−1, 9.32×10−1, 5.72×10−1, 2.85×10−2 and 2.07×10−4, respectively; ED, P = 1.19×10−2, 1.60×10−1, 7.03×10−3, 1.73×10−2, 2.97×10−2 and 2.99×10−1, respectively; KRN, P = 2.06×10−2, 9.68×10−1, 3.30×10−2, 1.78×10−1, 2.00×10−1 and 2.95×10−1, respectively; CW, P = 1.93×10−1, 1.38×10−1, 3.98×10−1, 4.32×10−2, 2.71×10−3 and 8.35×10−1, respectively. d, Phenotypic changes in the FHGs and MHGs and in the two female groups (PA and US_SS) and four male groups (PB, SPT, CN_NSS and US_NSS) from Era I to Era II for the three traits of Group 4. The P values of FHGsEra I versus FHGsEra II, MHGsEra I versus MHGsEra II, FHGsEra I versus MHGsEra I and FHGsEra II versus MHGsEra II using two-sided Wilcoxon test are presented in Supplementary Table 5. The P values of Era I versus Era II in six groups using two-sided Wilcoxon test (left to right, as plotted) are: PH, P = 1.97×10−1, 3.34×10−1, 8.63×10−2, 1.52×10−1, 1.57×10−1 and 6.20×10−1, respectively; TL, P = 2.87×10−1, 3.53×10−1, 3.45×10−1, 3.78×10−3, 8.49×10−1 and 5.09×10−2, respectively; EL, P = 9.79×10−1, 7.53×10−1, 2.03×10−1, 7.36×10−1, 5.80×10−1 and 9.33×10−5, respectively. For boxplots in a-d, the central lines show the median, the box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles. Exact sample size (n) in FHGsEra I, FHGsEra II, MHGsEra I and MHGsEra II (left to right, as plotted): n = 72, 253, 330 and 267. Exact sample size (n) in PAEra I, PAEra II, US_SSEra I, US_SSEra II, PBEra I, PBEra II, SPTEra I, SPTEra II, CN_NSSEra I, CN_NSSEra II, US_NSSEra I and US_NSSEra II (left to right, as plotted): n = 46, 161, 26, 92, 32, 42, 46, 78, 204, 86, 48 and 61. Significant differences are indicated: ** P < 0.01 and * P < 0.05.
