Extended Data Fig. 3: Hormone interaction between Balanophora and host.

a. The ABA, ABA glucosyl ester (ABA-GE), concentration in inflorescence, tuber of Balanophora, and host root. The box plot shows first quartile, median, and third quartile (n = 3 biologically independent samples). b. The expression levels of ABA signaling genes from Balanophora in different tissues and growing stages, genes in dotted box show ABA signaling and maker genes upregulated in inflorescence. c. The expression of host ABA biosynthesis genes, genes in dotted box are ABA biosynthesis genes highly expressed in tubers. d. The SA, SA 2-O-β-D-Glucoside (SAG) concentration in inflorescence, tuber of Balanophora, and host root. Box plot shows first quartile, median, and third quartile (n = 3 biologically independent samples). e. The expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling genes from Balanophora; dotted box represents SA metabolism genes upregulated in JU1. f. The expression of host SA biosynthesis genes, genes in dotted box are SA biosynthesis genes highly expressed in tubers. Tissue abbreviations are listed in Supplementary Fig. 1d–h and Methods section. In B-C, and E-F, each row represents the expression of each gene in a different sample, and each column represents the expression of genes in each sample. The upper tree represents a cluster analysis for different samples of different groups and stages, and the left tree represents the cluster analysis for different genes from different samples. g. Putative models of hormone interactions between Balanophora and the host. Cells walls from Balanophora or host are colored in orange vs. green respectively, in tissues including the inflorescence from Balanophora (IF), root from the host (RO), parasite-root junction (JU), and chimeric tuber containing both cells of Balanophora and host (TU). Genes from Balanophora or host that are upregulated in corresponding tissues are colored in red vs. blue. Hormone biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling genes are pentagons, rectangles, and ovals, respectively. Small circles with different colors are different hormones.