Table 1 Capacity measures per age-sex group.

From: Why do older adults stand-up differently to young adults?: investigation of compensatory movement strategies in sit-to-walk

    

YW

YM

EW

EM

YW-YM

EW-EM

YW-EW

YW-EM

YM-EW

YM-EM

General data

   

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

Mean (sd)

      

Age (years)

   

27.1 (5)

27.3 (4.3)

75 (5.6)

76.8 (7.2)

  

***

***

***

***

Height (cm)

   

168.5 (7.4)

181.5 (9.2)

161.5 (5.7)

174.4 (7.6)

***

**

  

***

 

Bodymass (kg)

   

64 (8.9)

77.6 (11.6)

66 (12.5)

77.4 (13.4)

*

  

*

  

BMI (kg/m2)

   

22.6 (3.1)

23.5 (2.7)

25.2 (3.8)

25.5 (4.3)

      

TUG (s)

   

5.4 (0.8)

5.5 (1)

7.7 (1.5)

7.9 (2.7)

  

**

**

**

**

FES (-)

   

7 (0)

8.1 (2.5)

8.8 (2.4)

9.5 (4.3)

      

Edmonton score (-)

   

–

–

–

–

      

Healthy (-)

   

2.4 (0.5)

2.5 (1.2)

2.4 (1.4)

2 (0.4)

      

TSTEP (s)

SELF

  

1.49 (0.24)

1.52 (0.22)

1.48 (0.17)

1.53 (0.33)

      
 

FAST

  

1.02 (0.14)

0.96 (0.2)

1.06 (0.11)

1.08 (0.18)

      

Strength measures (N/BW)

Knee

60°/s

ext.

D

1.41 (0.51)

2.48 (0.7)

0.86 (0.33)

1.13 (0.37)

***

 

*

 

***

***

   

ND

1.46 (0.49)

2.47 (0.42)

0.9 (0.4)

1.26 (0.41)

***

 

**

 

***

***

  

flex.

D

0.91 (0.28)

1.42 (0.32)

0.51 (0.17)

0.76 (0.24)

***

 

**

 

***

***

   

ND

0.98 (0.19)

1.45 (0.26)

0.53 (0.19)

0.81 (0.28)

***

*

***

 

***

***

 

90°/s

ext.

D

1.12 (0.52)

1.96 (0.61)

0.7 (0.35)

0.8 (0.31)

***

   

***

***

   

ND

1.13 (0.56)

2.04 (0.44)

0.65 (0.35)

0.92 (0.37)

***

 

*

 

***

***

  

flex.

D

0.69 (0.25)

1.23 (0.31)

0.38 (0.14)

0.53 (0.28)

***

 

*

 

***

***

   

ND

0.75 (0.27)

1.21 (0.3)

0.42 (0.17)

0.65 (0.25)

***

 

*

 

***

***

Hip

60°/s

ext.

D

1.48 (0.54)

2.19 (0.57)

0.72 (0.31)

1.52 (0.62)

**

**

**

 

***

*

   

ND

1.5 (0.67)

2.34 (0.56)

0.79 (0.37)

1.42 (0.63)

**

 

*

 

***

**

  

flex.

D

0.83 (0.19)

1.27 (0.29)

0.37 (0.15)

0.6 (0.23)

***

 

***

 

***

***

   

ND

0.79 (0.22)

1.25 (0.24)

0.39 (0.16)

0.59 (0.26)

***

 

***

 

***

***

 

90°/s

ext.

D

1.11 (0.56)

1.71 (0.4)

0.42 (0.24)

0.96 (0.33)

**

*

***

 

***

***

   

ND

1.06 (0.51)

1.71 (0.66)

0.5 (0.31)

1.08 (0.5)

*

 

*

 

***

*

  

flex.

D

0.67 (0.24)

1.08 (0.27)

0.27 (0.13)

0.49 (0.18)

***

 

***

 

***

***

   

ND

0.66 (0.27)

0.98 (0.36)

0.28 (0.08)

0.46 (0.25)

*

 

**

 

***

***

Ankle

60°/s

ext.

D

0.74 (0.36)

0.83 (0.32)

0.45 (0.19)

0.56 (0.29)

    

*

 
   

ND

0.69 (0.36)

0.85 (0.33)

0.51 (0.19)

0.57 (0.27)

    

*

 
  

flex.

D

0.25 (0.08)

0.33 (0.1)

0.15 (0.06)

0.19 (0.06)

*

 

*

 

***

***

   

ND

0.21 (0.06)

0.26 (0.06)

0.15 (0.05)

0.19 (0.07)

    

***

 
 

90°/s

ext.

D

0.42 (0.24)

0.51 (0.22)

0.29 (0.12)

0.35 (0.15)

    

*

 
   

ND

0.44 (0.26)

0.58 (0.23)

0.32 (0.15)

0.38 (0.2)

    

*

 
  

flex.

D

0.19 (0.04)

0.27 (0.08)

0.15 (0.06)

0.18 (0.07)

**

   

***

**

   

ND

0.17 (0.04)

0.23 (0.05)

0.16 (0.08)

0.16 (0.05)

    

*

 

Elbow

60°/s

ext.

D

0.42 (0.16)

0.63 (0.17)

0.37 (0.1)

0.55 (0.26)

*

   

**

 
   

ND

0.45 (0.15)

0.7 (0.19)

0.37 (0.1)

0.48 (0.13)

***

   

***

**

  

flex.

D

0.34 (0.15)

0.59 (0.13)

0.27 (0.06)

0.35 (0.11)

***

   

***

***

   

ND

0.29 (0.12)

0.54 (0.13)

0.23 (0.06)

0.34 (0.09)

***

   

***

***

 

90°/s

ext.

D

0.35 (0.12)

0.53 (0.13)

0.27 (0.11)

0.43 (0.17)

**

*

  

***

 
   

ND

0.39 (0.11)

0.58 (0.16)

0.28 (0.08)

0.36 (0.11)

***

   

***

***

  

flex.

D

0.31 (0.12)

0.57 (0.12)

0.2 (0.06)

0.33 (0.12)

***

*

*

 

***

***

   

ND

0.25 (0.1)

0.5 (0.13)

0.23 (0.07)

0.3 (0.11)

***

   

***

***

Handgrip strength (Kg)

HGS

  

D

28.71 (8.89)

49 (9.09)

20.21 (4.76)

33.55 (7.54)

***

**

*

 

***

***

   

ND

27.43 (6.79)

46.31 (10.3)

18.04 (4.28)

33.82 (7.6)

***

***

*

 

***

**

Balance score (Z-score)

AP

  

EO

0.26 (0.37)

−0.28 (0.55)

−0.12 (1.1)

0.13 (0.97)

      
   

EC

0.08 (0.39)

−0.21 (0.51)

−0.11 (1.05)

0.26 (0.78)

      

ML

  

EO

0.07 (0.69)

−0.13 (0.61)

−0.09 (1.3)

0.15 (0.43)

      
   

EC

−0.01 (0.37)

−0.25 (0.32)

−0.05 (1.06)

0.3 (0.87)

      

Proprioception (deg)

Maximum error

  

D

6.68 (2.21)

7.22 (4.47)

7.53 (3.07)

7.79 (2.98)

      
   

ND

7.66 (2.92)

7.1 (2.28)

7.21 (4.82)

7.09 (2.46)

      

Minimum error

  

D

0.71 (0.82)

0.59 (0.53)

0.65 (0.38)

1.09 (1.39)

      
   

ND

0.73 (0.65)

0.36 (0.38)

0.82 (1.47)

0.75 (0.99)

      

Mean error

  

D

2.98 (1.05)

2.89 (1.59)

3.35 (1.05)

3.87 (2.24)

      
   

ND

3.49 (1.66)

2.82 (0.97)

3.36 (2.8)

3.37 (1.39)

      

s.d. error

  

D

1.87 (0.55)

2.16 (1.4)

2.31 (0.94)

2.19 (0.65)

      
   

ND

2.33 (0.98)

2.14 (0.58)

2.02 (1.17)

2.13 (0.66)

      

Joint Range of Motion (deg)

Hip

flex.

 

D

135.43 (9.17)

136.31 (5.88)

128.42 (4.08)

123.8 (11)

   

**

 

**

   

ND

134.79 (9.5)

134.15 (4.98)

127.83 (5.15)

126.6 (9.08)

      

Ankle

pflex.

 

D

64.29 (12.08)

54.31 (8.57)

56.17 (11.54)

39.4 (11.75)

 

**

 

***

 

*

   

ND

64.86 (7.44)

57.62 (10.38)

56.17 (10.88)

40.8 (14.94)

 

**

 

***

 

**

 

dflex.

 

D

−36.57 (7.14)

−35.77 (9.82)

−32.75 (8.52)

−28.4 (11.12)

      
   

ND

−36.21 (11.14)

−34.92 (9.2)

−31.5 (6.88)

−28.6 (6.82)

      

Nerve conduction study

CMAP (mV)

median

  

6.47 (5.02)

10.41 (4.03)

5.25 (2.42)

5.82 (3.53)

    

*

 
 

tibial

  

11.78 (2.69)

15.57 (4.01)

8.87 (4.26)

8.97 (4.24)

    

**

**

 

peroneal

  

4.7 (2.65)

6.45 (2.25)

2.95 (1.21)

3.23 (1.71)

    

**

**

PMCT (ms/cm)

median

  

0.09 (0.01)

0.09 (0)

0.1 (0.01)

0.1 (0.01)

  

*

 

*

 
 

tibial

  

0.1 (0.01)

0.1 (0.01)

0.11 (0)

0.12 (0)

  

*

***

*

**

 

peroneal

  

0.16 (0.01)

0.15 (0)

0.17 (0.02)

0.17 (0.01)

    

*

**

Hlat. (ms/cm)

tibial

  

0.18 (0.01)

0.17 (0.01)

0.2 (0.02)

0.2 (0.02)

    

**

**

  1. ext extension, flex flexion, D dominant side, ND non-dominant side, EO eyes open, EC eyes closed.
  2. p value (ANOVA): *=p < 0.05, **=p < 0.01, ***=p < 0.001.
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