Table 1 Patient characteristics
Center 1 N = 749 | Center 2 N = 285 | Center 3 N = 251 | Center 4 N = 175 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic features | |||||
Age | 69.8 ± 7.6 | 69.7 ± 8.3 | 70.5 ± 7.8 | 72.5 ± 9.9 | 0.041 |
Weight (kg) | 57.8 ± 9.3 | 57.5 ± 10.5 | 57.8 ± 9.6 | 57.9 ± 9.3 | 0.981 |
Height (cm) | 160.6 ± 6.8 | 166.0 ± 107.2 | 159.6 ± 6.9 | 160.1 ± 7.5 | 0.329 |
Gender | 0.003 | ||||
Female | 203 (27.1) | 98 (34.4) | 93 (37.1) | 45 (25.7) | |
Male | 546 (72.9) | 187 (65.6) | 158 (62.9) | 41 (74.3) | |
Smoking | 292 (39.0) | 63 (22.1) | 95 (37.8) | 54 (30.9) | <0.001 |
Clinical presentations | |||||
Time from onset to admission (hours) | 8.0 (6.0–12.0) | 7.0 (3.0–24.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 4.0 (2.0–16.5) | 0.019 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 80.0 ± 19.4 | 81.5 ± 21.1 | 83.3 ± 21.5 | 77.5 ± 30.8 | 0.049 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.0 ± 26.4 | 127.4 ± 30.2 | 113.1 ± 28.7 | 126.6 ± 39.4 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.1 ± 15.8 | 77.3 ± 17.5 | 68.6 ± 17.8 | 74.0 ± 21.7 | <0.001 |
Cardiac arrest before/at admission | 9 (1.2) | 2 (0.7) | 7 (2.8) | 6 (3.4) | 0.050 |
Killip classification | 0.039 | ||||
I | 579 (77.3) | 211 (74.0) | 199 (79.3) | 130 (74.3) | |
II | 86 (11.5) | 33 (11.6) | 24 (9.5) | 22 (12.6) | |
III | 17 (2.3) | 20 (7.0) | 11 (4.4) | 13 (7.4) | |
IV | 67 (8.9) | 21 (7.4) | 17 (6.8) | 10 (5.7) | |
Clinical Frailty Scale | 0.031 | ||||
1 | 13 (1.7) | 6 (2.1) | 4 (1.6) | 6 (3.4) | |
2 | 172 (23.0) | 56 (19.6) | 66 (26.3) | 51 (29.2) | |
3 | 112 (15.0) | 42 (14.7) | 47 (18.7) | 13 (7.4) | |
4 | 296 (39.5) | 108 (37.9) | 81 (32.2) | 80 (45.7) | |
5 | 121 (16.2) | 47 (16.5) | 39 (15.6) | 22 (12.6) | |
6 | 16 (2.1) | 19 (6.7) | 10 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
7 | 19 (2.5) | 7 (2.5) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.7) | |
Comorbidities | |||||
Hypertension | 539 (72.0) | 223 (78.2) | 181 (72.1) | 143 (81.7) | 0.085 |
Dyslipidemia | 215 (28.7) | 81 (28.4) | 18 (7.2) | 48 (27.3) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 127 (17.0) | 94 (33.0) | 46 (18.3) | 21 (38.2) | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease | 21 (2.8) | 10 (3.5) | 8 (3.2) | 16 (9.1) | 0.084 |
Stroke | 39 (5.2) | 7 (2.5) | 13 (5.2) | 13 (7.4) | 0.151 |
Transient ischemic attack | 12 (1.6) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (2.0) | 13 (7.4) | 0.063 |
Peripheral artery disease | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 0.122 |
Heart failure | 45 (6.0) | 11 (3.9) | 1 (0.4) | 10 (5.7) | <0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 28 (3.7) | 5 (1.8) | 7 (2.8) | 3 (1.7) | 0.388 |
Prior angina | 88 (11.7) | 10 (3.5) | 24 (9.6) | 16 (9.1) | <0.001 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 30 (4) | 11 (3.9) | 11 (4.4) | 16 (9.1) | 0.335 |
Prior PCI | 30 (4) | 28 (9.8) | 8 (3.2) | 13 (7.4) | <0.001 |
Prior CABG | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Electrocardiographic features | |||||
Infarction wall | <0.001 | ||||
Anterior | 342 (45.7) | 145 (50.9) | 114 (45.4) | 115 (65.7) | |
Inferior | 388 (51.8) | 127 (44.6) | 123 (49.0) | 57 (32.6) | |
Posterior | 12 (1.6) | 7 (2.5) | 11 (4.4) | 3 (1.7) | |
Lateral | 7 (0.9) | 6 (2.1) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
Left bundle branch block | 40 (5.3) | 9 (3.2) | 6 (2.4) | 6 (3.4) | 0.064 |
Atrioventricular block | 113 (15.1) | 32 (11.2) | 26 (10.4) | 38 (21.7) | 0.029 |
Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 22 (2.9) | 6 (2.1) | 8 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.534 |
Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation | 9 (1.2) | 3 (1.1) | 10 (4.0) | 19 (10.9) | <0.001 |
Echocardiographic features | |||||
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 42.8 ± 10.1 | 51.9 ± 13.3 | 45.2 ± 11.4 | 42.7 ± 14.1 | <0.001 |
Pericardial effusion | 20 (2.6) | 6 (2.1) | 6 (2.4) | 10 (5.7) | 0.769 |
Regional wall motion abnormality | 710 (94.8) | 243 (85.3) | 174 (69.3) | 130 (74.3) | <0.001 |
Laboratory data | |||||
High-sensitivity Troponin T (pg/mL) | 592.0 (74.0–1936.0) | 352.7 (52–1472.0) | 948.0 (71.0–2000.0) | 297.0 (102.65–1717.5) | 0.042 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 129.8 ± 17.4 | 130.4 ± 17.4 | 131.3 ± 19.9 | 130.1 ± 19.0 | 0.618 |
White blood cell (K/µL) | 12.6 ± 4.2 | 11.91 ± 4.5 | 11.9 ± 4.6 | 12.0 ± 5.4 | 0.027 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 155.7 ± 73.0 | 194.2 ± 118.9 | 157.5 ± 83.1 | 182.7 ± 69.9 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 93.8 ± 49.6 | 101.7 ± 40.7 | 105.0 ± 36.2 | 108.0 ± 31.6 | <0.001 |
Medications at admission | |||||
Aspirin | 749 (100.0) | 285 (100.0) | 371 (100.0) | 55 (100.0) | . |
P2Y12 inhibitor | <0.001 | ||||
Ticagrelor | 476 (63.6) | 184 (64.6) | 67 (26.7) | 3 (1.7) | |
Clopidogrel | 273 (36.4) | 101 (35.4) | 184 (73.3) | 172 (98.3) | |
Statin | 749 (100.0) | 285 (100.0) | 371 (100.0) | 55 (100.0) | . |
PCI procedural data | |||||
Time from admission to wiring (hours) | 12.3 (9.0–18.2) | 9.7 (5.8–27.3) | 12.0 (9.0–16.0) | 7.0 (4.3–16.9) | 0.002 |
Vascular access site | <0.001 | ||||
Radial | 716 (95.6) | 20 (7.0) | 231 (92.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Femoral | 33 (4.4) | 265 (93.0) | 20 (8.0) | 175 (100.0) | |
Number of diseased vessels | <0.001 | ||||
1 | 291 (38.9) | 64 (22.5) | 103 (41.0) | 29 (16.6) | |
2 | 266 (35.5) | 89 (31.2) | 82 (32.7) | 70 (40.0) | |
3 | 192 (25.6) | 132 (46.3) | 66 (26.3) | 76 (43.4) | |
Left main coronary artery disease | 54 (7.2) | 46 (16.1) | 9 (3.6) | 22 (12.6) | <0.001 |
Pre-PCI TIMI blood flow | <0.001 | ||||
0 | 413 (55.1) | 176 (61.8) | 127 (50.6) | 111 (63.4) | |
1 | 72 (9.6) | 33 (11.6) | 27 (10.8) | 35 (20.0) | |
2 | 143 (19.1) | 60 (21.1) | 97 (38.6) | 29 (16.6) | |
3 | 121 (16.2) | 16 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Post-PCI TIMI blood flow | 0.003 | ||||
0 | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
1 | 3 (0.4) | 5 (1.8) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
2 | 13 (1.7) | 14 (4.9) | 14 (5.6) | 13 (7.4) | |
3 | 732 (97.7) | 264 (92.6) | 235 (93.6) | 162 (92.6) | |
Balloon pre-dilation | 559 (74.6) | 267 (93.7) | 147 (58.6) | 165 (94.3) | <0.001 |
Thrombectomy | 64 (8.5) | 20 (7.0) | 18 (7.2) | 16 (9.1) | 0.794 |
Balloon post-dilation | 239 (31.9) | 161 (56.5) | 85 (33.9) | 102 (58.3) | <0.001 |
Type of stent | 0.005 | ||||
No stent | 19 (2.5) | 5 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Bare metal stent | 27 (3.6) | 4 (1.4) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
Drug-eluting stent | 703 (93.9) | 276 (96.8) | 247 (98.4) | 175 (100.0) | |
In-hospital mortality | 80 (10.7) | 51 (17.9) | 26 (10.4) | 21 (12.0) | 0.012 |
