Fig. 4: Embedding-based analysis reveals temporal and tissue-specific gene dynamics across the aging process.

a Cosine similarity between gene embeddings and age embeddings across the lifespan highlights tissue-dependent and cell type-specific aging trajectories. Selected genes are shown for blood and lung tissues, as well as macrophages and regulatory T cells, illustrating stage-specific gene relevance from adolescence to late life. b Temporal similarity profiles of representative genes in healthy individuals exhibit diverse aging trajectories. c Comparison of gene similarity trajectories between healthy and diseased aging for selected genes shows structured, multi-phase relevance during healthy aging and disruption during disease conditions.