Fig. 3: Mucositis shows an intermediate microbial signature between peri-implantitis and healthy sites.

a Ordination plot (MDS) of healthy, mucositis, and peri-implantitis samples based on taxonomic abundance profiles and b microbial gene family profiles. c Alpha-diversity distributions estimated as species richness and d richness of UniProt90 gene families. e Beta-diversity distributions estimated with the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity metric for intra- and inter-condition comparisons in the three conditions. Estimations of the intra-subject beta-diversity are performed using the main site and the contralateral samples. f Relative abundances (log scale) and effect sizes (LDA score from LEfSe) of the ten microbial species most strongly associated with mucositis in comparison with healthy sites and g peri-implantitis sites (top ten species/gene family effect sizes per class).