Fig. 3: Resistance of L. paracasei ATCC334 to several stresses.

Survival of L. paracasei ATCC334 in planktonic form, biofilm form and encapsulated as biofilm-like cultures in calcium-pectinate beads (CPB_Biofilm) after (a) acidic stress, osmotic stress, freeze-drying and (b) incubation in simulated GIT medium (mouth, stomach, and small intestine). Results are expressed as the percentage of viable bacteria measured after stress exposure. The initial amount of bacteria subjected to stress is 100%. Each value is the mean of at least three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (*P < 0.05), (Kruskal–Wallis test).